Cassava (Yuca): What is, Benefits, How to Cook It, and More

What is cassava or yuca? Find out everything you need to know about it, its potential health benefits, how to cook it properly, and much more, including its derivative tapioca.

Cassava? Yuca? What is that?

It's the third-largest source of carbohydrates in the tropics.

More than half a billion people all around the globe consume this vegetable root which grows in marginal soils.

Most of all, yuca or cassava is one of the pillars of Brazilian cuisine and is important in many other cultures as well, including Central and South American, African, and Asian.

What about American culture?

Actually, it has likely been more of a presence at your table than you may imagine, and with globalization, it will become even more so.

Huh???

What do you think your beloved tapioca pudding is made from?

When you visit the beverage kiosk at the mall and order a bubble tea, what do you think you're drinking?

Not so far from the potato shelf at the Walmart supermarket (among other chains), what do you think that long, thick, brown-skinned veggie root is?

So, did you know what the main ingredient of those famous Brazilian cheese rolls (pão de queijo) served at your favorite churrascaria is? 

Processed cassava root (tapioca flour) is also the key ingredient for Brazilian tapioca crepes!

Similarly, it is present in many other Cuban, Puerto Rican, Filipino, or Indonesian dishes that you may dearly love.

As I mentioned, you have likely been eating cassava or dishes made with its derivatives without even knowing it.

If not yet, due to the influx of immigrants to this country and the influence of their cuisines, you probably will, sooner or later. Believe me!

Moreover, with the increasing number of people in the US with celiac disease, the consumption of cassava is ideal because they are naturally gluten-free food.

What Is Cassava?

Cassava (scientific name: Manihot Esculenta) is a plant with a starchy, tuberous root native to South America yet also found throughout the tropics, especially in tropical America. The plant is part of the spurge family of plants!

Portuguese merchants and sailors brought it to Africa and Asia in the 16^th century.

You may know cassava by many names, including manioc, yuca, and ‘mandioca, aipim, or macaxeira’ (Brazil).

This plant has recently been in the spotlight as a nutritious and easy-to-grow vegetable that does not need much water and can be grown on farms of any size.

It's rich in carbohydrates, in calcium, and contains vitamin C, but deficient in protein and other nutrients.

Its most famous edible part is its fiber-filled and starchy potato-like root. The vegetable root is long and thick and has an outer shiny brown skin with a white, firm interior.

Its center has a woody fiber (see pic. below) that has to be removed after boiling or before frying the cassava.

But this is not all! People also cook cassava leaves, incorporating them into dishes such as maniçoba.

You can also use cassava to make by-products such as tapioca pearls or tapioca flour.

Nutrients

Here is a nutrient profile of 1 cup (about 5.5 oz) of cassava root:

• Calories: 330
• Carbs: 78.4 g
• Protein: 2.8 g
• Fiber: 3.7 g
• Potassium: 558.0 mg
• Magnesium: 43.0 mg
• Calcium: 33.0 mg
• Vitamin C: 42.4 mg
• Niacin: 0.854 mg
• Thiamine: 0.087 mg
• Riboflavin: 0.048 mg

While the root is rich in calories and Vitamin C, which acts as an antioxidant, supports collagen production, and enhances immunity.

However, it lacks protein, making it an incomplete choice for a staple diet. People who eat a lot of cassava should pair it with foods that contain protein.

Cassava leaves are a great source of protein, so nutritionists often advise using the two together while making a dish but both have to be cooked properly before eating.

What Does It Taste Like?

Cassava root has an earthy, slightly sweet, and nutty taste, with a subtle touch of bitterness. Because its flavor is mild, you can cook it with strong-flavored ingredients such as coconut milk.

Potential Health Benefits

Contains resistant starch

If you have diabetes, you understand the importance of soluble fiber in your diet.

Cassava contains resistant starch, which is something similar to soluble fiber, not breaking down so easily during digestion. 

It helps release glucose in smaller quantities, making it easier for the body to process. Among other benefits are improving gut health, reducing inflammation and the risk of obesity, and also lowering blood sugar levels (and so helps with insulin resistance).

Contains Vitamin C and Minerals

Cassava is extremely rich in Vitamin C, niacin, thiamine, and riboflavin as well as Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium.

Vitamin C is essential for your bones, skin, and teeth and is a big part of your immunity system.

Niacin, Riboflavin, and Thiamine are crucial in breaking down carbs and converting them to energy in your body.

Cassava leaves, when dried or cooked, are also edible. You can get a high amount of protein from these leaves.

Potential Drawbacks

Harmful if eaten raw

While cassava has many great benefits, it should never be eaten raw. In its raw form, cassava contains cyanide, which is toxic to humans if consumed in large quantities.

If you are eating cassava, it is best to soak and cook it well. Moreover, you should pair it with a healthy amount of protein in your diet to avoid cyanide poisoning (protein helps break down cyanide).

Higher in calories than other root vegetables

If you are trying to limit your calorie intake to lose weight, cassava may not be the best food for you. 

Other root veggies like sweet potatoes, potatoes, and carrots would be better for you. Here's a comparison of the calorie count in a 3.5-ounce serving of each of these:

Root Vegetables	Calories (3.5 oz)
Sweet Potato	91 calories
Carrots	35 calories
Potato	71 calories
Cassava	191 calories

Cassava derivatives or by-products are lower in nutrients

Processing cassava by chopping or peeling, also makes it lose some of its nutritional value (vitamins, minerals, fiber, and resistant starch), albeit it is needed to avoid side effects.

Although you have to cook it first to eat it, some studies have found boiling cassava seems to retain more nutrients than other cooking methods such as roasting.

Be aware of its derivatives (e.g. tapioca flour). They are usually high in calories but they lack fiber and other nutrients compared to the cassava root.

Eating the cooked root is better than eating dishes prepared with tapioca flour for example.

Is Cassava Root the Same As Yuca or Manioc?

Yes, these are names given to the same root. Cassava is often confused with other plants such as yucca (double c) because of a similar-sounding name. 

People also think that arrowroot starch is made from cassava but actually, arrowroot starch is made from West Indian arrowroot!

Cassava Plant vs. Yucca Plant

Despite having a similar name (Yuca, spelled with only one c, vs. Yucca, spelled with double c), these two plants are very different from each other. Here are some main differences between them:

Appearance

Both cassava and yucca plants can grow to be quite tall (anywhere up to 40 feet). But their leaves are very different. Cassava leaves are a dark shade of green but have yellow and red colors interspersed in them.

On the other hand, yucca leaves are bluish-green and have a very thin and sharp shape, much like a sword or a dagger. The yucca plant also has bell-shaped white flowers.

Moreover, cassava stems grow straight and their roots are edible, whereas yucca roots are not edible.

Usage

Cassava is an edible plant with both its leaves and roots being edible. It is a staple plant in many tropical countries.

But yucca is more of a decorative plant although the fruit and flower petals are edible.

In Central America, after its reproductive organs (anthers and ovaries) are removed due to their bitterness, the petals are blanched for 5 minutes, and then cooked with tomato, onion, chili (yucca a la Mexicana ) or served in tortitas con salsa (egg-battered patties with green or red sauce).

In Guatemala, the petals are boiled and eaten with lemon juice while in El Salvador, the tender tips of stems are eaten in a dish called cogollo de izote.

Nutrition

As said earlier, cassava root has high amounts of calories, Vitamin C, and resistant starch.

On the other hand, yucca root contains anti-inflammatory properties (great for the treatment of arthritis among others) as well as great nutrients such as vitamins B, C, iron, and calcium.

Is Cassava Root Poisonous?

Yes, cassava root is poisonous. It contains cyanogenic glycosides, which can cause cyanide poisoning in your body when you eat it raw.

Cyanide poisoning is dangerous. It can damage your organs, make you paralyzed, damage your nerve functions, or even cause death. 

Protein can help your body get rid of cyanide! People who do not eat a nutritious diet regularly, lack protein in their bodies and are at a higher risk.

Are Cassava Leaves Poisonous?

Cassava leaves also contain the same cyanogenic glycosides. They can potentially cause cyanide poisoning if you do not cook them properly before eating them.

Are Cassava and Tapioca the Same?

Cassava is the root, whereas tapioca is its by-product. You can make several things from the cassava root, such as cassava flour bread, fries, chips, cakes, and tapioca crepes. In Brazil, several dishes use the cassava leaves as well (e.g. maniçoba, also known as feijoada Paraense).

Tapioca is made from the cassava root, but only the starchy part of it and not the rest (peel). 

Cassava Flour vs. Tapioca Flour

Cassava flour is made from the entire root of the cassava plant. This makes it more fibrous and creates a thicker sauce when you use it. 

However, in most cases, you can switch tapioca and cassava flours.

How to Cook Cassava Properly

Before eating the cassava root, treat it properly to get rid of its cyanogenic glycosides. You must adopt these steps:

1. Peel the root and remove the outer layer. It is best to use a knife instead of a peeler because the outer layer is hard.
2. Slice it into small pieces
3. Place it in water and let it soak.
4. Boil the cassava root
5. Wait until the root is tender, and then throw away the water in which you boiled it.
6. Remove the woody fiber in the center.

The CDC recommends soaking these roots in the water for 4-6 days if they are taken directly from the wild.

Even if the cassava is frozen, you should peel, soak, and boil it before eating unless the packaging clearly states that it has been processed.

Foods like tapioca and cassava flour available in the market are processed and safe to eat without this process.

CASSAVA DERIVATIVES

In Brazilian cuisine, its main by-products are:

• Tapioca pearls (it makes tapioca pudding)
• Granulated tapioca (it has an irregular shape and its mixed "grains" vary in size. It has to be soaked in hot liquids such as coconut milk to soften and be pliable. It makes tapioca couscous and tapioca cake).
• Manioc flour (it is the main ingredient of farofa and has a coarse texture)
• Sour starch (it is fermented tapioca flour, has a sour taste, and makes dense Brazilian cheese rolls when combined with regular tapioca flour)
• Tapioca flour (it is the finest of the tapioca flours and often makes airy Brazilian cheese rolls)

These products are available online (Amazon.com), in Latin markets, and some types are also available at American and Asian supermarkets.

How to Store (Raw and Cooked)

You can buy cassava at many food markets and grocery stores in Latin America and the Caribbean.

RAW: In grocery stores, the root presents a layer of wax on its peel to preserve it.

If you have bought an unpeeled yuca, you should store it in a dry place that is not exposed to the direct sun. It will last up to 7 days.

If the yuca you bought was peeled, place it in the fridge, fully soaked in water which must be replaced every day. It will keep well for 2-3 weeks. Or, you can keep the peeled yuca root frozen, lasting for 2-3 months in the freezer.

COOKED: Boiled yuca must be stored in an airtight container in the fridge for up to 3 days, or frozen for up to one month.

Famous World's Cassava Recipes

Here are some famous dishes that you can make with cassava root or leaves:

1. Casabe (Unleavened cassava flatbread from the Caribbean and some South American countries)
2. Fufu (A dish from Western African countries)
3. Yuca Chips
4. Yuca con Mojo (Cuban side dish)
5. Mofongo de Yuca (Dominican main dish)
6. Carimañolas (Panamenian yuca fritters)
7. Bammy (Jamaican side dish)
8. Cassareep (Cassava concentrated juice from Guyana)
9. Attiéké (Fermented cassava couscous from Ivory Cost)
10. Getuk Ubi Kayu (Indonesian pressed yuca cake)
11. Sopa de caracol (Honduran seafood soup)
12. Pasteles de yuca (Puerto Rican tamales)
13. Kakanin (Filipino cassava flan)

Brazilian Cassava Recipes

Cassava is important in many cultures, including Brazilian culture.

In fact, it is one of the very foundations of Brazilian cuisine and is present in many traditional dishes made with cassava roots such as:

• Mashed yuca (purê de macaxeira)
• Yuca Fries (Mandioca frita)
• Yuca chips
• Cassava cake (bolo de aipim)
• Yuca flan (pudim de macaxiera)
• Yuca soup (sopa de macaxeira)
• Brazilian chicken shepherd's pie (Escondidinho de frango)
• Brazilian shrimp soup (Bobó de Camarão)

After processing cassava in several different ways, here are a few cassava dishes made with its derivatives:

• Pão de queijo (Brazilian cheese bread)
• Brazilian tapioca pudding (sagú)
• Brazilian tapioca recipe
• Tapioca couscous
• Farofa recipe (manioc flour couscous)
• Pirão (manioc flour gravy)
• Tapioca Cake (Bolo de Tapioca)
• Tutu de Feijão (Brazilian refried beans)

PIN & ENJOY!

The post was first published on April 25th, 2013.